Understanding Aggression

by Lisa Mullinax, CPDT-KSA When our dogs exhibit aggressive behaviors, it is always upsetting. After all, we give our dogs food, shelter, a never-ending supply of dog toys and this is how they repay us? What is aggression? Aggression is normal and natural behavior in dogs and every other species of animal.  Are we surprised when a cat hisses and scratches a child that is pestering it?  What about a horse that kicks when surprised?  Or a tiger that mauls someone who enters its zoo enclosure?  Do we question the sanity of a homeowner that shoots an armed intruder?  In all other respects, we accept aggressive behavior in other species.  And yet, aggression in dogs is not only considered unacceptable, but is often a death sentence for the dog. Aggression is really a category of behaviors, all of which are designed to protect dogs from a perceived threat. These behaviors include: Barking Growling Tooth displays of varying degrees "Muzzle punch" (striking with a closed mouth) Snapping (without contact) Biting without injury Biting with varying degrees of injury There are many non-aggressive ways dogs attempt to avoid or escape a threatening situation before escalating to aggressive behaviors but too often these early warning signs aren't recognized by most dog owners. Why is my dog doing this to me? Aggressive behavior in dogs is most frequently caused by fear and stress due to various factors including, but not limited to: Lack of proper and early socialization (prior to 14 weeks of age) Lack of training Unskilled use of aversive training methods/equipment (1) Traumatic experience Genetic predisposition (bad breeding practices) Medical issues can also be a cause of aggressive behavior in dogs. In the last ten years, dogs that came to us with reported aggression were diagnosed (by the dog's veterinarian) with hypothyroidism, Cushing's Disease, mast cell cancer, urinary tract infections, hip and elbow dysplasia, and arthritis. Some types of aggression may be neurological.  There was a popular internet video of a dog protecting his bone from his own foot. This is a very good example of a behavior problem that has medical or neurological causes. These types of behaviors require the assistance of a veterinary behaviorist, as training is not enough. What are NOT causes of aggression: "Spoiling" the dog (2) Playing tug games Not being pack leadery enough In most cases we see, the main causes of aggressive behavior are lack of or improper early socialization and/or the unskilled use of aversive methods and equipment, either on their own or at the hands of an individual advertising as dog trainer. Triggers There is no such thing as an "aggressive dog," as no dog walks around exhibiting aggressive behaviors 24 hours per day.  Aggression is always a response to something in the dog's environment, whether it is the action of a human, the sudden appearance of another dog, pain caused by injury or illness, and more. This is called an antecedent, which means a preceding occurrence, cause or event. Every trigger is followed by a behavior.  For example, an owner gives their dog the cue "Sit," the dog sits and the owner gives the dog a treat.  The cue "Sit" is the antecedent, the action of sitting is the behavior and the treat is the consequence. All dog behaviors, including aggression, follow the ABC's: Antecedent > Behavior > Consequence The antecedent is also referred to as a trigger.  In most cases of aggression, the triggers follow a pattern.  Sometimes the pattern is easy to see, such as when a person reaches toward your dog.  Other times, it can be more difficult, as there could be multiple triggers, or the triggers are not visual, but something the dog hears or smells. In order to determine what is causing your dog's aggressive behavior, it is necessary to gather a detailed history of each incident which can help establish a pattern of triggers. A professional trainer can work with you to determine the patterns with your dog's behavior. Once these triggers are identified, a training/behavior plan can be devised. Isn't it all about dominance and pack leadership? There's no shortage of websites claiming that "dominance is the leading cause of aggression." But is that really the case?  The subject of dominance is worthy of it's own article and we recommend Dominance: The "Dirty" Word for a complete definition and explanation of what it is and what it is not. Bottom line: The vast majority of aggression is based in fear, not our dogs' desire for total world domination...in which case they would still be reliant on our opposable thumbs and bank accounts for their basic survival. Aggression and Breed No matter what the headlines say, no matter what one person's individual experience has been, breed is never a predictor of aggression. Golden Retrievers are just as capable of aggression towards humans or other dogs as Pit Bull-type breeds are capable of working as therapy dogs and search and rescue dogs. While some breeds, including Mastiffs, Dobermans, Akitas and others, were selected for their excellent guarding abilities, this does not necessarily mean that each individual of that breed will make a good guard dog. Just as not all Border Collies are good at herding sheep, there are many guarding breeds who enjoy the attention of strangers and make horrible watch dogs. Breed, alone, is not enough to determine whether or not a dog will develop or display aggressive behavior.  It is the individual dog, not the breed, that must be considered. Predicting aggression Except in very rare cases, aggression is not random. This is why a dog that shows aggression toward strange dogs is not likely to act aggressively towards family members. A dog that displays aggression towards strange people may be perfectly friendly when meeting new dogs. So why does it seem to occur without warning? Dogs give numerous subtle signals of anxiety or discomfort that aren't recognized by most dog owners. When these signs of stress are ignored, the dog may escalate to a signal that is more obvious, such as growling, snarling or snapping. Common signs of stress/anxiety include: Avoidance of people or other dogs Looking away Turning away Pulling away Walking away Repetitive yawning Repetitive licking of the lip/nose Tense body language Slow movement Low tail carriage Backward ear carriage When owners fail to recognize these signs, they may continue to put the dog in stressful situations. Finally, the dog escalates to a clear sign of discomfort, causing the owners to claim the dog was "fine" previously and that the aggression appeared without warning. A professional trainer will teach you how to read your dog's body language, so you will be able to recognize when your dog is anxious. Dogs don't bite when a growl will do Dogs make choices in the form and level of aggression they use to communicate with us or with other dogs. If a minor form of communication, such as a small growl, is enough to achieve the goal of stopping a person from taking a bone or another dog from mounting, the dog has no need to escalate to a higher level of aggression. Even when biting, dogs make decisions as to the location and severity of the bite. The vast majority of bites inflicted by dogs never cause injury. These are still bites, by definition, but the dog has chosen to use a warning without injuring the offending person or dog. Because dogs are so much faster and more accurate than we are, these non-injurious bites are not because the human moved quickly enough to avoid the bite, but that the dog chose not to cause damage. For information about the levels of dog bites see Dr. Ian Dunbar's Dog Bite Scale, which many trainers use as a guideline. How do you stop aggression? Aggression is not an illness or something that can be removed, it is an instinctive reaction to a perceived threat. Just as no one can train you not to defend your family if they are threatened by an intruder, you can not train out a dog's instinct to protect itself. What training and behavior modification CAN do is decrease your dog's stress around the situations that used to trigger aggressive responses, teach your dog an alternate behavior she can perform in those situations (such as look at you instead of bark at strangers), and even form positive associations to the situations that were previously a problem. The level of positive association will depend on many different factors. In the case of dog-dog aggression, some dogs may eventually be able to play with new dogs after a careful introduction. For others, they may only learn to tolerate dogs at a distance (such as walks), but never learn to like other dogs. In order for a behavior modification plan to be successful, a careful management strategy must be implemented. This strategy will be customized to each dog and household and will be designed to prevent aggressive behavior from recurring while you are going through the training process. Punishment is not the answer Many owners and even some people advertising as trainers believe that the best way to address aggression is to provoke the dog into reacting, then applying some form of punishment to teach the dog that aggression is "wrong." However, when a dog is pushed to the point that it reacts aggressively, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. Most people know this as the "fight or flight" response. When the sympathetic nervous system is engaged, the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates all other functions, disengages, shutting down digestion and other non-essential functions, inhibiting the dog's ability to learn.   When the dog is pushed to the point of extreme stress, he or she is in survival mode and no longer learning. This is why when we experience acute stress, such as fear (bear circling your tent), anxiety (a letter from the IRS) or trauma (grief), food doesn't seem remotely appealing and it is difficult to concentrate. This is why there is still a belief that "food doesn't work with aggressive dogs" among those who don't understand how stress affects learning. Traumatic events, however, DO get remembered in this state. If the dog sees another dog, barks and then is jerked, kicked or shocked, the dog is not going to learn what he is doing is "wrong," but will very likely associate the aversive methods with the presence of other dogs, creating a more negative association than before. Aversive methods often appear to work because they can suppress aggressive displays. However, this is just hiding the symptoms without addressing the underlying cause of the aggressive behavior. While a squirt bottle or can full of pennies may stop your dog from barking at the window in the moment, it will not change the dog's association to dogs walking past his house.  This is like cold medicine. Cold medicine can clear the sneezing, runny nose and other symptoms as long as you keep taking the medicine, but it doesn't cure the common cold. In order to change the dog's behavior permanently, we have to change the dog's association to that situation through training and behavior modification. How long will it take? The amount of time it will take and the level of success you can achieve depends on a variety of factors outside the trainer's control. First and foremost is your commitment, including how consistently you follow the trainer's instructions and how often you practice the new exercises assigned. Implementing exercises and suggestions from several different sources (tv shows, friends, neighbors, etc.) can undermine the success of your dog's behavior program. Factors such as early experiences and genetics also play a critical role in the amount of time and effort it will take to reach your goals. A dog that was not adequately socialized in the first few months' of its life will require more time and work than a dog that was well-socialized as a puppy. A dog that was fearful at 8 weeks of age will require more work than a dog that was confident at that age. In some cases, changing your dog's behavior and preventing further incidents of aggression may be relatively simple and quick. In other cases, it may be a lifelong process. When working with aggression, we have to work within the timeframe our dogs give us. Factors for success Unfortunately, not every dog and owner will be successful with their behavior modification program. After medical and other factors that training can't affect, dissatisfaction with results of a behavior modification program is most often due owners who fail to meet the following requirements: 1. Must be committed to a minimum of 3-5 lessons with a trainer. There is no quick fix for aggressive behavior. Because many dogs exhibiting aggression don't have a strong training foundation, several sessions may first be needed to teach necessary obedience skills before entering the gradual process of behavior modification. 2. Must have realistic goals and expectations. Unfortunately, many owners expect training to change who their dog is completely or have a specific deadline that the dog must meet.  However, we have no choice but to work within our dog's limitations and timeframe, which may not be compatible with the goal of camping trips or the kids' soccer season. 3. Must have a lifestyle compatible with management. If a dog with stranger-directed aggression lives in a busy household with many guests coming and going, the prognosis is much lower than for the same dog living in a quiet household with few visitors. The ability to prevent problems while going through the training process is critical to success. 4. Must be consistent with methods. Owners who try to use a mix of "whatever works," are generally trying to suppress problems and never achieve true change. 5. Must be physically able to handle the dog and practice necessary exercises. Unfortunately, if the owner has physical impairments that restrict their ability to adhere to the training plan, the prognosis for success is low. Is it impossible? Of course not, but often the amount of basic training (and the associated time and expense) to make the dog more manageable without triggers present can be a longer process. Because dog training is an unregulated industry, any dog trainer can offer "guaranteed results" at any price. However, no trainer has control over the factors above, nor do they have the ability to alter a dog's genetics, medical conditions, or past experiences, making such guarantees worthless. Any behavior can be improved While we can't always "fix" behavior problems, we can always make improvements.  Thanks to an ever-expanding field of study into the behavior of wolves and domestic dogs, we have gained the ability to create training plans based on each dog's individual need, rather than use punishment as the solution for everything and every dog. Just by reading this article, you are already one step closer to changing your dog's behavior than you were yesterday. It can only get better from here!

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RELATED LINKS 7 Mistakes You're Making in Behavior Modification Stress Signs in Dogs On-Leash Frustration/Aggression Defining Aggression What Does An Aggressive Dog Look Like?

(1) Herron M, Shofer F, Reisner I. 2009. Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Appl Anim. Behav. Sci, 117 47-54 (2) Voith, V.L., Wright, l.C. and Danneman, P.l., 1992. Is there a relationship between canine behavior problems and spoiling activities, anthropomorphism, and obedience training? Appl. Anim. Behav.Sci., 34: 263-272.